Modernized Management of Ocular Keratitis via Nanovesicular Drug Delivery Systems

Ragaey, Reem; Abouelatta, Samar Mamdouh; Elfouly, Aya Adel

doi:10.21608/aprh.2023.217709.1220

Modernized Management of Ocular Keratitis via Nanovesicular Drug Delivery Systems

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

¹ Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.

² Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Candian University, 6 October, Cairo, Egypt.

10.21608/aprh.2023.217709.1220

Abstract

Objective: Keratitis is considered as one of the major leading causes of blindness internationally. Briefly, it is corneal infection also termed corneal ulcer or corneal opacity. Bacterial keratitis is often a consequence of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, which becomes unaffected by broad-spectrum antibiotics. Both, Aspergillus and Fusarium species, are the most frequent sources for mycotic keratitis. Protozoal keratitis was recently presented where best treatment results were achieved with early diagnosis. Methods: Various methods of diagnosis were adopted such as: corneal smear and corneal culture. These methods suffer from diagnostic insensitivity and being time-consuming. The Polymerase Chain Reaction is a newer, matching method used in the identification of keratitis; the findings are sample-dependent. Recently, In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) is an encouraging diagnostic technique of increasing significance. It is non-invasive real-time direct imagining of the microorganism and displaying infection directly in the patient's cornea. Ocular drug delivery usually suffers from low bioavailability due to various eye barriers which finally led to ineffective treatment. Results: Substantial attempts were demonstrated to enhance drug ocular bioavailability via boosting corneal diffusion and enhancing residential time. Different types of nanoparticles, liposomes, and self-emulsifying systems achieved great attention in optimizing ocular drug delivery. Nanovesicles are innovative systems with minute particle size and uniform size distribution revealing extended ocular residential time so confirming satisfactory bioavailability, less irritation, and high tolerance with ocular tissues. Conclusion: This review declares the treatment policies and highlights numerous innovative nanovesicles developed with a focus on advanced findings regarding formulation systems.

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